![]() graptogyne, and propose that the western C. In particular, we provide advice on the potential genetic rescue of the Endangered and restricted-range subspecies C. Our study has a range of conservation and taxonomic implications for this species. Genetic clusters inferred from mitochondrial DNA differed from those based on SNPs and were less resolved. These units are only partially congruent with the existing morphology-based subspecies taxonomy. We identified five evolutionarily significant units, which are estimated to have diverged during the Pleistocene. Here we utilize thousands of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA to provide the first genetic assessment of the Australian red-tailed black-cockatoo ( Calyptorhynchus banksii), a widespread bird species comprising populations of varying conservation concern. These data can be used to characterize conservation units and to effectively manage the genetic health of species in a broad evolutionary context. Analysis of genomic data sets can provide high-resolution estimates of genetic structure, genetic diversity, gene flow, and evolutionary history. The south-eastern glossy black cockatoo is widespread across Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, with an isolated population on Kangaroo Island in South Australia.Advances in sequencing technologies have revolutionized wildlife conservation genetics.These populations are especially vulnerable to habitat loss and competition. The endangered and vulnerable forest red-tailed, Baudin’s and Carnaby’s cockatoos are endemic to south-western WA.Adult females have yellow patches on their heads and necks. They have red or orange-red tail panels, similar to red-tailed black cockatoos, but have more brown-black plumage on their head. Glossy black cockatoos are the smallest of the five black cockatoo species.Males have black bills while females have greyish coloured bills. Both species are otherwise similar in appearance with white patches on their heads and white markings on their tails. Baudin’s and Carnaby’s black cockatoos can be identified by their upper bill mandibles.Females have whitish bills and pale-yellow spots on the head and wings. Forest red-tailed black-cockatoos can be identified by their short, rounded crests, glossy black feathers, and red markings on their tails.Photo: Saeed Lajami/Unsplash Identifying black cockatoos Red-tailed black cockatoo feeding on a branch. On the east side of Australia, the south-eastern glossy black cockatoo was listed as vulnerable under national environment law in August 2022. These cockatoos feed almost exclusively on cones from mature female casuarina trees and rely on the hollows of old eucalypts for nesting – trees that were hit hard by the devastating bushfires of 2019-20.Like the forest red-tailed black cockatoo, these species are threatened by loss of nesting hollows due to deforestation from mining and timber industries, habitat fragmentation, loss of native food sources from urban development and bushfires.Baudin’s and Carnaby’s black cockatoos are particularly endangered and are considered likely to become extinct in the wild.The federal government’s recovery plan for this subspecies was implemented in October 2021 with a view to reducing the burden these threats place on the species. The forest red-tailed black cockatoos are threatened by habitat loss, competition for rare nesting hollows and by injury from European honeybees.All Western Australian species of black cockatoo are threatened by habitat loss and degradation, competition from other birds for nesting sites and declining food supplies.What are the biggest threats to cockatoos? Fewer than 15,000 Karraks are alive in the wild. This sub-species ranges from Gingin north of Perth to Albany in the south-west of WA. The red-tailed black-cockatoo’s forest (or Karrak) subspecies ( Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) is a vulnerable species protected under the EPBC Act and WA Biodiversity Conservation Act. ![]() In Western Australia, the Carnaby’s cockatoo is considered ‘likely to become extinct’ in the wild.
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